st

x.c (49185B)

---

 /* See LICENSE for license details. */
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <math.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <locale.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <sys/select.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <libgen.h>
 #include <X11/Xatom.h>
 #include <X11/Xlib.h>
 #include <X11/cursorfont.h>
 #include <X11/keysym.h>
 #include <X11/Xft/Xft.h>
 #include <X11/XKBlib.h>
 
 char *argv0;
 #include "arg.h"
 #include "st.h"
 #include "win.h"
 
 /* types used in config.h */
 typedef struct {
 	uint mod;
 	KeySym keysym;
 	void (*func)(const Arg *);
 	const Arg arg;
 } Shortcut;
 
 typedef struct {
 	uint mod;
 	uint button;
 	void (*func)(const Arg *);
 	const Arg arg;
 	uint  release;
 } MouseShortcut;
 
 typedef struct {
 	KeySym k;
 	uint mask;
 	char *s;
 	/* three-valued logic variables: 0 indifferent, 1 on, -1 off */
 	signed char appkey;    /* application keypad */
 	signed char appcursor; /* application cursor */
 } Key;
 
 /* X modifiers */
 #define XK_ANY_MOD    UINT_MAX
 #define XK_NO_MOD     0
 #define XK_SWITCH_MOD (1<<13|1<<14)
 
 /* function definitions used in config.h */
 static void clipcopy(const Arg *);
 static void clippaste(const Arg *);
 static void numlock(const Arg *);
 static void selpaste(const Arg *);
 static void zoom(const Arg *);
 static void zoomabs(const Arg *);
 static void zoomreset(const Arg *);
 static void ttysend(const Arg *);
 
 /* config.h for applying patches and the configuration. */
 #include "config.h"
 
 /* XEMBED messages */
 #define XEMBED_FOCUS_IN  4
 #define XEMBED_FOCUS_OUT 5
 
 /* macros */
 #define IS_SET(flag)		((win.mode & (flag)) != 0)
 #define TRUERED(x)		(((x) & 0xff0000) >> 8)
 #define TRUEGREEN(x)		(((x) & 0xff00))
 #define TRUEBLUE(x)		(((x) & 0xff) << 8)
 
 typedef XftDraw *Draw;
 typedef XftColor Color;
 typedef XftGlyphFontSpec GlyphFontSpec;
 
 /* Purely graphic info */
 typedef struct {
 	int tw, th; /* tty width and height */
 	int w, h; /* window width and height */
 	int hborderpx, vborderpx;
 	int ch; /* char height */
 	int cw; /* char width  */
 	int cyo; /* char y offset */
 	int mode; /* window state/mode flags */
 	int cursor; /* cursor style */
 } TermWindow;
 
 typedef struct {
 	Display *dpy;
 	Colormap cmap;
 	Window win;
 	Drawable buf;
 	GlyphFontSpec *specbuf; /* font spec buffer used for rendering */
 	Atom xembed, wmdeletewin, netwmname, netwmiconname, netwmpid;
 	struct {
 		XIM xim;
 		XIC xic;
 		XPoint spot;
 		XVaNestedList spotlist;
 	} ime;
 	Draw draw;
 	Visual *vis;
 	XSetWindowAttributes attrs;
 	int scr;
 	int isfixed; /* is fixed geometry? */
 	int l, t; /* left and top offset */
 	int gm; /* geometry mask */
 } XWindow;
 
 typedef struct {
 	Atom xtarget;
 	char *primary, *clipboard;
 	struct timespec tclick1;
 	struct timespec tclick2;
 } XSelection;
 
 /* Font structure */
 #define Font Font_
 typedef struct {
 	int height;
 	int width;
 	int ascent;
 	int descent;
 	int badslant;
 	int badweight;
 	short lbearing;
 	short rbearing;
 	XftFont *match;
 	FcFontSet *set;
 	FcPattern *pattern;
 } Font;
 
 /* Drawing Context */
 typedef struct {
 	Color *col;
 	size_t collen;
 	Font font, bfont, ifont, ibfont;
 	GC gc;
 } DC;
 
 static inline ushort sixd_to_16bit(int);
 static int xmakeglyphfontspecs(XftGlyphFontSpec *, const Glyph *, int, int, int);
 static void xdrawglyphfontspecs(const XftGlyphFontSpec *, Glyph, int, int, int);
 static void xdrawglyph(Glyph, int, int);
 static void xclear(int, int, int, int);
 static int xgeommasktogravity(int);
 static int ximopen(Display *);
 static void ximinstantiate(Display *, XPointer, XPointer);
 static void ximdestroy(XIM, XPointer, XPointer);
 static int xicdestroy(XIC, XPointer, XPointer);
 static void xinit(int, int);
 static void cresize(int, int);
 static void xresize(int, int);
 static void xhints(void);
 static int xloadcolor(int, const char *, Color *);
 static int xloadfont(Font *, FcPattern *);
 static void xloadfonts(const char *, double);
 static void xunloadfont(Font *);
 static void xunloadfonts(void);
 static void xsetenv(void);
 static void xseturgency(int);
 static int evcol(XEvent *);
 static int evrow(XEvent *);
 
 static void expose(XEvent *);
 static void visibility(XEvent *);
 static void unmap(XEvent *);
 static void kpress(XEvent *);
 static void cmessage(XEvent *);
 static void resize(XEvent *);
 static void focus(XEvent *);
 static uint buttonmask(uint);
 static int mouseaction(XEvent *, uint);
 static void brelease(XEvent *);
 static void bpress(XEvent *);
 static void bmotion(XEvent *);
 static void propnotify(XEvent *);
 static void selnotify(XEvent *);
 static void selclear_(XEvent *);
 static void selrequest(XEvent *);
 static void setsel(char *, Time);
 static void mousesel(XEvent *, int);
 static void mousereport(XEvent *);
 static char *kmap(KeySym, uint);
 static int match(uint, uint);
 
 static void run(void);
 static void usage(void);
 
 static void (*handler[LASTEvent])(XEvent *) = {
 	[KeyPress] = kpress,
 	[ClientMessage] = cmessage,
 	[ConfigureNotify] = resize,
 	[VisibilityNotify] = visibility,
 	[UnmapNotify] = unmap,
 	[Expose] = expose,
 	[FocusIn] = focus,
 	[FocusOut] = focus,
 	[MotionNotify] = bmotion,
 	[ButtonPress] = bpress,
 	[ButtonRelease] = brelease,
 /*
  * Uncomment if you want the selection to disappear when you select something
  * different in another window.
  */
 /*	[SelectionClear] = selclear_, */
 	[SelectionNotify] = selnotify,
 /*
  * PropertyNotify is only turned on when there is some INCR transfer happening
  * for the selection retrieval.
  */
 	[PropertyNotify] = propnotify,
 	[SelectionRequest] = selrequest,
 };
 
 /* Globals */
 static DC dc;
 static XWindow xw;
 static XSelection xsel;
 static TermWindow win;
 
 /* Font Ring Cache */
 enum {
 	FRC_NORMAL,
 	FRC_ITALIC,
 	FRC_BOLD,
 	FRC_ITALICBOLD
 };
 
 typedef struct {
 	XftFont *font;
 	int flags;
 	Rune unicodep;
 } Fontcache;
 
 /* Fontcache is an array now. A new font will be appended to the array. */
 static Fontcache *frc = NULL;
 static int frclen = 0;
 static int frccap = 0;
 static char *usedfont = NULL;
 static double usedfontsize = 0;
 static double defaultfontsize = 0;
 
 static char *opt_class = NULL;
 static char **opt_cmd  = NULL;
 static char *opt_embed = NULL;
 static char *opt_font  = NULL;
 static char *opt_io    = NULL;
 static char *opt_line  = NULL;
 static char *opt_name  = NULL;
 static char *opt_title = NULL;
 
 static int oldbutton = 3; /* button event on startup: 3 = release */
 
 void
 clipcopy(const Arg *dummy)
 {
 	Atom clipboard;
 
 	free(xsel.clipboard);
 	xsel.clipboard = NULL;
 
 	if (xsel.primary != NULL) {
 		xsel.clipboard = xstrdup(xsel.primary);
 		clipboard = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "CLIPBOARD", 0);
 		XSetSelectionOwner(xw.dpy, clipboard, xw.win, CurrentTime);
 	}
 }
 
 void
 clippaste(const Arg *dummy)
 {
 	Atom clipboard;
 
 	clipboard = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "CLIPBOARD", 0);
 	XConvertSelection(xw.dpy, clipboard, xsel.xtarget, clipboard,
 			xw.win, CurrentTime);
 }
 
 void
 selpaste(const Arg *dummy)
 {
 	XConvertSelection(xw.dpy, XA_PRIMARY, xsel.xtarget, XA_PRIMARY,
 			xw.win, CurrentTime);
 }
 
 void
 numlock(const Arg *dummy)
 {
 	win.mode ^= MODE_NUMLOCK;
 }
 
 void
 zoom(const Arg *arg)
 {
 	Arg larg;
 
 	larg.f = usedfontsize + arg->f;
 	zoomabs(&larg);
 }
 
 void
 zoomabs(const Arg *arg)
 {
 	xunloadfonts();
 	xloadfonts(usedfont, arg->f);
 	cresize(0, 0);
 	redraw();
 	xhints();
 }
 
 void
 zoomreset(const Arg *arg)
 {
 	Arg larg;
 
 	if (defaultfontsize > 0) {
 		larg.f = defaultfontsize;
 		zoomabs(&larg);
 	}
 }
 
 void
 ttysend(const Arg *arg)
 {
 	ttywrite(arg->s, strlen(arg->s), 1);
 }
 
 int
 evcol(XEvent *e)
 {
 	int x = e->xbutton.x - win.hborderpx;
 	LIMIT(x, 0, win.tw - 1);
 	return x / win.cw;
 }
 
 int
 evrow(XEvent *e)
 {
 	int y = e->xbutton.y - win.vborderpx;
 	LIMIT(y, 0, win.th - 1);
 	return y / win.ch;
 }
 
 void
 mousesel(XEvent *e, int done)
 {
 	int type, seltype = SEL_REGULAR;
 	uint state = e->xbutton.state & ~(Button1Mask | forcemousemod);
 
 	for (type = 1; type < LEN(selmasks); ++type) {
 		if (match(selmasks[type], state)) {
 			seltype = type;
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 	selextend(evcol(e), evrow(e), seltype, done);
 	if (done)
 		setsel(getsel(), e->xbutton.time);
 }
 
 void
 mousereport(XEvent *e)
 {
 	int len, x = evcol(e), y = evrow(e),
 	    button = e->xbutton.button, state = e->xbutton.state;
 	char buf[40];
 	static int ox, oy;
 
 	/* from urxvt */
 	if (e->xbutton.type == MotionNotify) {
 		if (x == ox && y == oy)
 			return;
 		if (!IS_SET(MODE_MOUSEMOTION) && !IS_SET(MODE_MOUSEMANY))
 			return;
 		/* MOUSE_MOTION: no reporting if no button is pressed */
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_MOUSEMOTION) && oldbutton == 3)
 			return;
 
 		button = oldbutton + 32;
 		ox = x;
 		oy = y;
 	} else {
 		if (!IS_SET(MODE_MOUSESGR) && e->xbutton.type == ButtonRelease) {
 			button = 3;
 		} else {
 			button -= Button1;
 			if (button >= 7)
 				button += 128 - 7;
 			else if (button >= 3)
 				button += 64 - 3;
 		}
 		if (e->xbutton.type == ButtonPress) {
 			oldbutton = button;
 			ox = x;
 			oy = y;
 		} else if (e->xbutton.type == ButtonRelease) {
 			oldbutton = 3;
 			/* MODE_MOUSEX10: no button release reporting */
 			if (IS_SET(MODE_MOUSEX10))
 				return;
 			if (button == 64 || button == 65)
 				return;
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (!IS_SET(MODE_MOUSEX10)) {
 		button += ((state & ShiftMask  ) ? 4  : 0)
 			+ ((state & Mod4Mask   ) ? 8  : 0)
 			+ ((state & ControlMask) ? 16 : 0);
 	}
 
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_MOUSESGR)) {
 		len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\033[<%d;%d;%d%c",
 				button, x+1, y+1,
 				e->xbutton.type == ButtonRelease ? 'm' : 'M');
 	} else if (x < 223 && y < 223) {
 		len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\033[M%c%c%c",
 				32+button, 32+x+1, 32+y+1);
 	} else {
 		return;
 	}
 
 	ttywrite(buf, len, 0);
 }
 
 uint
 buttonmask(uint button)
 {
 	return button == Button1 ? Button1Mask
 	     : button == Button2 ? Button2Mask
 	     : button == Button3 ? Button3Mask
 	     : button == Button4 ? Button4Mask
 	     : button == Button5 ? Button5Mask
 	     : 0;
 }
 
 int
 mouseaction(XEvent *e, uint release)
 {
 	MouseShortcut *ms;
 
 	/* ignore Button<N>mask for Button<N> - it's set on release */
 	uint state = e->xbutton.state & ~buttonmask(e->xbutton.button);
 
 	for (ms = mshortcuts; ms < mshortcuts + LEN(mshortcuts); ms++) {
 		if (ms->release == release &&
 		    ms->button == e->xbutton.button &&
 		    (match(ms->mod, state) ||  /* exact or forced */
 		     match(ms->mod, state & ~forcemousemod))) {
 			ms->func(&(ms->arg));
 			return 1;
 		}
 	}
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
 void
 bpress(XEvent *e)
 {
 	struct timespec now;
 	int snap;
 
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_MOUSE) && !(e->xbutton.state & forcemousemod)) {
 		mousereport(e);
 		return;
 	}
 
 	if (mouseaction(e, 0))
 		return;
 
 	if (e->xbutton.button == Button1) {
 		/*
 		 * If the user clicks below predefined timeouts specific
 		 * snapping behaviour is exposed.
 		 */
 		clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
 		if (TIMEDIFF(now, xsel.tclick2) <= tripleclicktimeout) {
 			snap = SNAP_LINE;
 		} else if (TIMEDIFF(now, xsel.tclick1) <= doubleclicktimeout) {
 			snap = SNAP_WORD;
 		} else {
 			snap = 0;
 		}
 		xsel.tclick2 = xsel.tclick1;
 		xsel.tclick1 = now;
 
 		selstart(evcol(e), evrow(e), snap);
 	}
 }
 
 void
 propnotify(XEvent *e)
 {
 	XPropertyEvent *xpev;
 	Atom clipboard = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "CLIPBOARD", 0);
 
 	xpev = &e->xproperty;
 	if (xpev->state == PropertyNewValue &&
 			(xpev->atom == XA_PRIMARY ||
 			 xpev->atom == clipboard)) {
 		selnotify(e);
 	}
 }
 
 void
 selnotify(XEvent *e)
 {
 	ulong nitems, ofs, rem;
 	int format;
 	uchar *data, *last, *repl;
 	Atom type, incratom, property = None;
 
 	incratom = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "INCR", 0);
 
 	ofs = 0;
 	if (e->type == SelectionNotify)
 		property = e->xselection.property;
 	else if (e->type == PropertyNotify)
 		property = e->xproperty.atom;
 
 	if (property == None)
 		return;
 
 	do {
 		if (XGetWindowProperty(xw.dpy, xw.win, property, ofs,
 					BUFSIZ/4, False, AnyPropertyType,
 					&type, &format, &nitems, &rem,
 					&data)) {
 			fprintf(stderr, "Clipboard allocation failed\n");
 			return;
 		}
 
 		if (e->type == PropertyNotify && nitems == 0 && rem == 0) {
 			/*
 			 * If there is some PropertyNotify with no data, then
 			 * this is the signal of the selection owner that all
 			 * data has been transferred. We won't need to receive
 			 * PropertyNotify events anymore.
 			 */
 			MODBIT(xw.attrs.event_mask, 0, PropertyChangeMask);
 			XChangeWindowAttributes(xw.dpy, xw.win, CWEventMask,
 					&xw.attrs);
 		}
 
 		if (type == incratom) {
 			/*
 			 * Activate the PropertyNotify events so we receive
 			 * when the selection owner does send us the next
 			 * chunk of data.
 			 */
 			MODBIT(xw.attrs.event_mask, 1, PropertyChangeMask);
 			XChangeWindowAttributes(xw.dpy, xw.win, CWEventMask,
 					&xw.attrs);
 
 			/*
 			 * Deleting the property is the transfer start signal.
 			 */
 			XDeleteProperty(xw.dpy, xw.win, (int)property);
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		/*
 		 * As seen in getsel:
 		 * Line endings are inconsistent in the terminal and GUI world
 		 * copy and pasting. When receiving some selection data,
 		 * replace all '\n' with '\r'.
 		 * FIXME: Fix the computer world.
 		 */
 		repl = data;
 		last = data + nitems * format / 8;
 		while ((repl = memchr(repl, '\n', last - repl))) {
 			*repl++ = '\r';
 		}
 
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_BRCKTPASTE) && ofs == 0)
 			ttywrite("\033[200~", 6, 0);
 		ttywrite((char *)data, nitems * format / 8, 1);
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_BRCKTPASTE) && rem == 0)
 			ttywrite("\033[201~", 6, 0);
 		XFree(data);
 		/* number of 32-bit chunks returned */
 		ofs += nitems * format / 32;
 	} while (rem > 0);
 
 	/*
 	 * Deleting the property again tells the selection owner to send the
 	 * next data chunk in the property.
 	 */
 	XDeleteProperty(xw.dpy, xw.win, (int)property);
 }
 
 void
 xclipcopy(void)
 {
 	clipcopy(NULL);
 }
 
 void
 selclear_(XEvent *e)
 {
 	selclear();
 }
 
 void
 selrequest(XEvent *e)
 {
 	XSelectionRequestEvent *xsre;
 	XSelectionEvent xev;
 	Atom xa_targets, string, clipboard;
 	char *seltext;
 
 	xsre = (XSelectionRequestEvent *) e;
 	xev.type = SelectionNotify;
 	xev.requestor = xsre->requestor;
 	xev.selection = xsre->selection;
 	xev.target = xsre->target;
 	xev.time = xsre->time;
 	if (xsre->property == None)
 		xsre->property = xsre->target;
 
 	/* reject */
 	xev.property = None;
 
 	xa_targets = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "TARGETS", 0);
 	if (xsre->target == xa_targets) {
 		/* respond with the supported type */
 		string = xsel.xtarget;
 		XChangeProperty(xsre->display, xsre->requestor, xsre->property,
 				XA_ATOM, 32, PropModeReplace,
 				(uchar *) &string, 1);
 		xev.property = xsre->property;
 	} else if (xsre->target == xsel.xtarget || xsre->target == XA_STRING) {
 		/*
 		 * xith XA_STRING non ascii characters may be incorrect in the
 		 * requestor. It is not our problem, use utf8.
 		 */
 		clipboard = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "CLIPBOARD", 0);
 		if (xsre->selection == XA_PRIMARY) {
 			seltext = xsel.primary;
 		} else if (xsre->selection == clipboard) {
 			seltext = xsel.clipboard;
 		} else {
 			fprintf(stderr,
 				"Unhandled clipboard selection 0x%lx\n",
 				xsre->selection);
 			return;
 		}
 		if (seltext != NULL) {
 			XChangeProperty(xsre->display, xsre->requestor,
 					xsre->property, xsre->target,
 					8, PropModeReplace,
 					(uchar *)seltext, strlen(seltext));
 			xev.property = xsre->property;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/* all done, send a notification to the listener */
 	if (!XSendEvent(xsre->display, xsre->requestor, 1, 0, (XEvent *) &xev))
 		fprintf(stderr, "Error sending SelectionNotify event\n");
 }
 
 void
 setsel(char *str, Time t)
 {
 	if (!str)
 		return;
 
 	free(xsel.primary);
 	xsel.primary = str;
 
 	XSetSelectionOwner(xw.dpy, XA_PRIMARY, xw.win, t);
 	if (XGetSelectionOwner(xw.dpy, XA_PRIMARY) != xw.win)
 		selclear();
 }
 
 void
 xsetsel(char *str)
 {
 	setsel(str, CurrentTime);
 }
 
 void
 brelease(XEvent *e)
 {
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_MOUSE) && !(e->xbutton.state & forcemousemod)) {
 		mousereport(e);
 		return;
 	}
 
 	if (mouseaction(e, 1))
 		return;
 	if (e->xbutton.button == Button1)
 		mousesel(e, 1);
 }
 
 void
 bmotion(XEvent *e)
 {
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_MOUSE) && !(e->xbutton.state & forcemousemod)) {
 		mousereport(e);
 		return;
 	}
 
 	mousesel(e, 0);
 }
 
 void
 cresize(int width, int height)
 {
 	int col, row;
 
 	if (width != 0)
 		win.w = width;
 	if (height != 0)
 		win.h = height;
 
 	col = (win.w - 2 * borderpx) / win.cw;
 	row = (win.h - 2 * borderpx) / win.ch;
 	col = MAX(1, col);
 	row = MAX(1, row);
 
 	win.hborderpx = (win.w - col * win.cw) / 2;
 	win.vborderpx = (win.h - row * win.ch) / 2;
 
 	tresize(col, row);
 	xresize(col, row);
 	ttyresize(win.tw, win.th);
 }
 
 void
 xresize(int col, int row)
 {
 	win.tw = col * win.cw;
 	win.th = row * win.ch;
 
 	XFreePixmap(xw.dpy, xw.buf);
 	xw.buf = XCreatePixmap(xw.dpy, xw.win, win.w, win.h,
 			DefaultDepth(xw.dpy, xw.scr));
 	XftDrawChange(xw.draw, xw.buf);
 	xclear(0, 0, win.w, win.h);
 
 	/* resize to new width */
 	xw.specbuf = xrealloc(xw.specbuf, col * sizeof(GlyphFontSpec));
 }
 
 ushort
 sixd_to_16bit(int x)
 {
 	return x == 0 ? 0 : 0x3737 + 0x2828 * x;
 }
 
 int
 xloadcolor(int i, const char *name, Color *ncolor)
 {
 	XRenderColor color = { .alpha = 0xffff };
 
 	if (!name) {
 		if (BETWEEN(i, 16, 255)) { /* 256 color */
 			if (i < 6*6*6+16) { /* same colors as xterm */
 				color.red   = sixd_to_16bit( ((i-16)/36)%6 );
 				color.green = sixd_to_16bit( ((i-16)/6) %6 );
 				color.blue  = sixd_to_16bit( ((i-16)/1) %6 );
 			} else { /* greyscale */
 				color.red = 0x0808 + 0x0a0a * (i - (6*6*6+16));
 				color.green = color.blue = color.red;
 			}
 			return XftColorAllocValue(xw.dpy, xw.vis,
 			                          xw.cmap, &color, ncolor);
 		} else
 			name = colorname[i];
 	}
 
 	return XftColorAllocName(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, name, ncolor);
 }
 
 void
 xloadcols(void)
 {
 	int i;
 	static int loaded;
 	Color *cp;
 
 	if (loaded) {
 		for (cp = dc.col; cp < &dc.col[dc.collen]; ++cp)
 			XftColorFree(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, cp);
 	} else {
 		dc.collen = MAX(LEN(colorname), 256);
 		dc.col = xmalloc(dc.collen * sizeof(Color));
 	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < dc.collen; i++)
 		if (!xloadcolor(i, NULL, &dc.col[i])) {
 			if (colorname[i])
 				die("could not allocate color '%s'\n", colorname[i]);
 			else
 				die("could not allocate color %d\n", i);
 		}
 	loaded = 1;
 }
 
 int
 xsetcolorname(int x, const char *name)
 {
 	Color ncolor;
 
 	if (!BETWEEN(x, 0, dc.collen))
 		return 1;
 
 	if (!xloadcolor(x, name, &ncolor))
 		return 1;
 
 	XftColorFree(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, &dc.col[x]);
 	dc.col[x] = ncolor;
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
 /*
  * Absolute coordinates.
  */
 void
 xclear(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
 {
 	XftDrawRect(xw.draw,
 			&dc.col[IS_SET(MODE_REVERSE)? defaultfg : defaultbg],
 			x1, y1, x2-x1, y2-y1);
 }
 
 void
 xclearwin(void)
 {
 	xclear(0, 0, win.w, win.h);
 }
 
 void
 xhints(void)
 {
 	XClassHint class = {opt_name ? opt_name : termname,
 	                    opt_class ? opt_class : termname};
 	XWMHints wm = {.flags = InputHint, .input = 1};
 	XSizeHints *sizeh;
 
 	sizeh = XAllocSizeHints();
 
 	sizeh->flags = PSize | PResizeInc | PBaseSize | PMinSize;
 	sizeh->height = win.h;
 	sizeh->width = win.w;
 	sizeh->height_inc = 1;
 	sizeh->width_inc = 1;
 	sizeh->base_height = 2 * borderpx;
 	sizeh->base_width = 2 * borderpx;
 	sizeh->min_height = win.ch + 2 * borderpx;
 	sizeh->min_width = win.cw + 2 * borderpx;
 	if (xw.isfixed) {
 		sizeh->flags |= PMaxSize;
 		sizeh->min_width = sizeh->max_width = win.w;
 		sizeh->min_height = sizeh->max_height = win.h;
 	}
 	if (xw.gm & (XValue|YValue)) {
 		sizeh->flags |= USPosition | PWinGravity;
 		sizeh->x = xw.l;
 		sizeh->y = xw.t;
 		sizeh->win_gravity = xgeommasktogravity(xw.gm);
 	}
 
 	XSetWMProperties(xw.dpy, xw.win, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, sizeh, &wm,
 			&class);
 	XFree(sizeh);
 }
 
 int
 xgeommasktogravity(int mask)
 {
 	switch (mask & (XNegative|YNegative)) {
 	case 0:
 		return NorthWestGravity;
 	case XNegative:
 		return NorthEastGravity;
 	case YNegative:
 		return SouthWestGravity;
 	}
 
 	return SouthEastGravity;
 }
 
 int
 xloadfont(Font *f, FcPattern *pattern)
 {
 	FcPattern *configured;
 	FcPattern *match;
 	FcResult result;
 	XGlyphInfo extents;
 	int wantattr, haveattr;
 
 	/*
 	 * Manually configure instead of calling XftMatchFont
 	 * so that we can use the configured pattern for
 	 * "missing glyph" lookups.
 	 */
 	configured = FcPatternDuplicate(pattern);
 	if (!configured)
 		return 1;
 
 	FcConfigSubstitute(NULL, configured, FcMatchPattern);
 	XftDefaultSubstitute(xw.dpy, xw.scr, configured);
 
 	match = FcFontMatch(NULL, configured, &result);
 	if (!match) {
 		FcPatternDestroy(configured);
 		return 1;
 	}
 
 	if (!(f->match = XftFontOpenPattern(xw.dpy, match))) {
 		FcPatternDestroy(configured);
 		FcPatternDestroy(match);
 		return 1;
 	}
 
 	if ((XftPatternGetInteger(pattern, "slant", 0, &wantattr) ==
 	    XftResultMatch)) {
 		/*
 		 * Check if xft was unable to find a font with the appropriate
 		 * slant but gave us one anyway. Try to mitigate.
 		 */
 		if ((XftPatternGetInteger(f->match->pattern, "slant", 0,
 		    &haveattr) != XftResultMatch) || haveattr < wantattr) {
 			f->badslant = 1;
 			fputs("font slant does not match\n", stderr);
 		}
 	}
 
 	if ((XftPatternGetInteger(pattern, "weight", 0, &wantattr) ==
 	    XftResultMatch)) {
 		if ((XftPatternGetInteger(f->match->pattern, "weight", 0,
 		    &haveattr) != XftResultMatch) || haveattr != wantattr) {
 			f->badweight = 1;
 			fputs("font weight does not match\n", stderr);
 		}
 	}
 
 	XftTextExtentsUtf8(xw.dpy, f->match,
 		(const FcChar8 *) ascii_printable,
 		strlen(ascii_printable), &extents);
 
 	f->set = NULL;
 	f->pattern = configured;
 
 	f->ascent = f->match->ascent;
 	f->descent = f->match->descent;
 	f->lbearing = 0;
 	f->rbearing = f->match->max_advance_width;
 
 	f->height = f->ascent + f->descent;
 	f->width = DIVCEIL(extents.xOff, strlen(ascii_printable));
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
 void
 xloadfonts(const char *fontstr, double fontsize)
 {
 	FcPattern *pattern;
 	double fontval;
 
 	if (fontstr[0] == '-')
 		pattern = XftXlfdParse(fontstr, False, False);
 	else
 		pattern = FcNameParse((const FcChar8 *)fontstr);
 
 	if (!pattern)
 		die("can't open font %s\n", fontstr);
 
 	if (fontsize > 1) {
 		FcPatternDel(pattern, FC_PIXEL_SIZE);
 		FcPatternDel(pattern, FC_SIZE);
 		FcPatternAddDouble(pattern, FC_PIXEL_SIZE, (double)fontsize);
 		usedfontsize = fontsize;
 	} else {
 		if (FcPatternGetDouble(pattern, FC_PIXEL_SIZE, 0, &fontval) ==
 				FcResultMatch) {
 			usedfontsize = fontval;
 		} else if (FcPatternGetDouble(pattern, FC_SIZE, 0, &fontval) ==
 				FcResultMatch) {
 			usedfontsize = -1;
 		} else {
 			/*
 			 * Default font size is 12, if none given. This is to
 			 * have a known usedfontsize value.
 			 */
 			FcPatternAddDouble(pattern, FC_PIXEL_SIZE, 12);
 			usedfontsize = 12;
 		}
 		defaultfontsize = usedfontsize;
 	}
 
 	if (xloadfont(&dc.font, pattern))
 		die("can't open font %s\n", fontstr);
 
 	if (usedfontsize < 0) {
 		FcPatternGetDouble(dc.font.match->pattern,
 		                   FC_PIXEL_SIZE, 0, &fontval);
 		usedfontsize = fontval;
 		if (fontsize == 0)
 			defaultfontsize = fontval;
 	}
 
 	/* Setting character width and height. */
 	win.cw = ceilf(dc.font.width * cwscale);
 	win.ch = ceilf(dc.font.height * chscale);
 	win.cyo = ceilf(dc.font.height * (chscale - 1) / 2);
 
 	FcPatternDel(pattern, FC_SLANT);
 	FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_SLANT, FC_SLANT_ITALIC);
 	if (xloadfont(&dc.ifont, pattern))
 		die("can't open font %s\n", fontstr);
 
 	FcPatternDel(pattern, FC_WEIGHT);
 	FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_WEIGHT, FC_WEIGHT_BOLD);
 	if (xloadfont(&dc.ibfont, pattern))
 		die("can't open font %s\n", fontstr);
 
 	FcPatternDel(pattern, FC_SLANT);
 	FcPatternAddInteger(pattern, FC_SLANT, FC_SLANT_ROMAN);
 	if (xloadfont(&dc.bfont, pattern))
 		die("can't open font %s\n", fontstr);
 
 	FcPatternDestroy(pattern);
 }
 
 void
 xunloadfont(Font *f)
 {
 	XftFontClose(xw.dpy, f->match);
 	FcPatternDestroy(f->pattern);
 	if (f->set)
 		FcFontSetDestroy(f->set);
 }
 
 void
 xunloadfonts(void)
 {
 	/* Free the loaded fonts in the font cache.  */
 	while (frclen > 0)
 		XftFontClose(xw.dpy, frc[--frclen].font);
 
 	xunloadfont(&dc.font);
 	xunloadfont(&dc.bfont);
 	xunloadfont(&dc.ifont);
 	xunloadfont(&dc.ibfont);
 }
 
 int
 ximopen(Display *dpy)
 {
 	XIMCallback imdestroy = { .client_data = NULL, .callback = ximdestroy };
 	XICCallback icdestroy = { .client_data = NULL, .callback = xicdestroy };
 
 	xw.ime.xim = XOpenIM(xw.dpy, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 	if (xw.ime.xim == NULL)
 		return 0;
 
 	if (XSetIMValues(xw.ime.xim, XNDestroyCallback, &imdestroy, NULL))
 		fprintf(stderr, "XSetIMValues: "
 		                "Could not set XNDestroyCallback.\n");
 
 	xw.ime.spotlist = XVaCreateNestedList(0, XNSpotLocation, &xw.ime.spot,
 	                                      NULL);
 
 	if (xw.ime.xic == NULL) {
 		xw.ime.xic = XCreateIC(xw.ime.xim, XNInputStyle,
 		                       XIMPreeditNothing | XIMStatusNothing,
 		                       XNClientWindow, xw.win,
 		                       XNDestroyCallback, &icdestroy,
 		                       NULL);
 	}
 	if (xw.ime.xic == NULL)
 		fprintf(stderr, "XCreateIC: Could not create input context.\n");
 
 	return 1;
 }
 
 void
 ximinstantiate(Display *dpy, XPointer client, XPointer call)
 {
 	if (ximopen(dpy))
 		XUnregisterIMInstantiateCallback(xw.dpy, NULL, NULL, NULL,
 		                                 ximinstantiate, NULL);
 }
 
 void
 ximdestroy(XIM xim, XPointer client, XPointer call)
 {
 	xw.ime.xim = NULL;
 	XRegisterIMInstantiateCallback(xw.dpy, NULL, NULL, NULL,
 	                               ximinstantiate, NULL);
 	XFree(xw.ime.spotlist);
 }
 
 int
 xicdestroy(XIC xim, XPointer client, XPointer call)
 {
 	xw.ime.xic = NULL;
 	return 1;
 }
 
 void
 xinit(int w, int h)
 {
 	XGCValues gcvalues;
 	Cursor cursor;
 	Window parent;
 	pid_t thispid = getpid();
 	XColor xmousefg, xmousebg;
 
 	if (!(xw.dpy = XOpenDisplay(NULL)))
 		die("can't open display\n");
 	xw.scr = XDefaultScreen(xw.dpy);
 	xw.vis = XDefaultVisual(xw.dpy, xw.scr);
 
 	/* font */
 	if (!FcInit())
 		die("could not init fontconfig.\n");
 
 	usedfont = (opt_font == NULL)? font : opt_font;
 	xloadfonts(usedfont, 0);
 
 	/* colors */
 	xw.cmap = XDefaultColormap(xw.dpy, xw.scr);
 	xloadcols();
 
 	/* adjust fixed window geometry */
 	win.w = 2 * win.hborderpx + 2 * borderpx + cols * win.cw;
 	win.h = 2 * win.vborderpx + 2 * borderpx + rows * win.ch;
 	if (xw.gm & XNegative)
 		xw.l += DisplayWidth(xw.dpy, xw.scr) - win.w - 2;
 	if (xw.gm & YNegative)
 		xw.t += DisplayHeight(xw.dpy, xw.scr) - win.h - 2;
 
 	/* Events */
 	xw.attrs.background_pixel = dc.col[defaultbg].pixel;
 	xw.attrs.border_pixel = dc.col[defaultbg].pixel;
 	xw.attrs.bit_gravity = NorthWestGravity;
 	xw.attrs.event_mask = FocusChangeMask | KeyPressMask | KeyReleaseMask
 		| ExposureMask | VisibilityChangeMask | StructureNotifyMask
 		| ButtonMotionMask | ButtonPressMask | ButtonReleaseMask;
 	xw.attrs.colormap = xw.cmap;
 
 	if (!(opt_embed && (parent = strtol(opt_embed, NULL, 0))))
 		parent = XRootWindow(xw.dpy, xw.scr);
 	xw.win = XCreateWindow(xw.dpy, parent, xw.l, xw.t,
 			win.w, win.h, 0, XDefaultDepth(xw.dpy, xw.scr), InputOutput,
 			xw.vis, CWBackPixel | CWBorderPixel | CWBitGravity
 			| CWEventMask | CWColormap, &xw.attrs);
 
 	memset(&gcvalues, 0, sizeof(gcvalues));
 	gcvalues.graphics_exposures = False;
 	dc.gc = XCreateGC(xw.dpy, parent, GCGraphicsExposures,
 			&gcvalues);
 	xw.buf = XCreatePixmap(xw.dpy, xw.win, win.w, win.h,
 			DefaultDepth(xw.dpy, xw.scr));
 	XSetForeground(xw.dpy, dc.gc, dc.col[defaultbg].pixel);
 	XFillRectangle(xw.dpy, xw.buf, dc.gc, 0, 0, win.w, win.h);
 
 	/* font spec buffer */
 	xw.specbuf = xmalloc(cols * sizeof(GlyphFontSpec));
 
 	/* Xft rendering context */
 	xw.draw = XftDrawCreate(xw.dpy, xw.buf, xw.vis, xw.cmap);
 
 	/* input methods */
 	if (!ximopen(xw.dpy)) {
 		XRegisterIMInstantiateCallback(xw.dpy, NULL, NULL, NULL,
 	                                       ximinstantiate, NULL);
 	}
 
 	/* white cursor, black outline */
 	cursor = XCreateFontCursor(xw.dpy, mouseshape);
 	XDefineCursor(xw.dpy, xw.win, cursor);
 
 	if (XParseColor(xw.dpy, xw.cmap, colorname[mousefg], &xmousefg) == 0) {
 		xmousefg.red   = 0xffff;
 		xmousefg.green = 0xffff;
 		xmousefg.blue  = 0xffff;
 	}
 
 	if (XParseColor(xw.dpy, xw.cmap, colorname[mousebg], &xmousebg) == 0) {
 		xmousebg.red   = 0x0000;
 		xmousebg.green = 0x0000;
 		xmousebg.blue  = 0x0000;
 	}
 
 	XRecolorCursor(xw.dpy, cursor, &xmousefg, &xmousebg);
 
 	xw.xembed = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "_XEMBED", False);
 	xw.wmdeletewin = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
 	xw.netwmname = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "_NET_WM_NAME", False);
 	xw.netwmiconname = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "_NET_WM_ICON_NAME", False);
 	XSetWMProtocols(xw.dpy, xw.win, &xw.wmdeletewin, 1);
 
 	xw.netwmpid = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "_NET_WM_PID", False);
 	XChangeProperty(xw.dpy, xw.win, xw.netwmpid, XA_CARDINAL, 32,
 			PropModeReplace, (uchar *)&thispid, 1);
 
 	win.mode = MODE_NUMLOCK;
 	resettitle();
 	xhints();
 	XMapWindow(xw.dpy, xw.win);
 	XSync(xw.dpy, False);
 
 	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &xsel.tclick1);
 	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &xsel.tclick2);
 	xsel.primary = NULL;
 	xsel.clipboard = NULL;
 	xsel.xtarget = XInternAtom(xw.dpy, "UTF8_STRING", 0);
 	if (xsel.xtarget == None)
 		xsel.xtarget = XA_STRING;
 
 	boxdraw_xinit(xw.dpy, xw.cmap, xw.draw, xw.vis);
 }
 
 int
 xmakeglyphfontspecs(XftGlyphFontSpec *specs, const Glyph *glyphs, int len, int x, int y)
 {
 	float winx = win.hborderpx + x * win.cw, winy = win.vborderpx + y * win.ch, xp, yp;
 	ushort mode, prevmode = USHRT_MAX;
 	Font *font = &dc.font;
 	int frcflags = FRC_NORMAL;
 	float runewidth = win.cw;
 	Rune rune;
 	FT_UInt glyphidx;
 	FcResult fcres;
 	FcPattern *fcpattern, *fontpattern;
 	FcFontSet *fcsets[] = { NULL };
 	FcCharSet *fccharset;
 	int i, f, numspecs = 0;
 
 	for (i = 0, xp = winx, yp = winy + font->ascent + win.cyo; i < len; ++i) {
 		/* Fetch rune and mode for current glyph. */
 		rune = glyphs[i].u;
 		mode = glyphs[i].mode;
 
 		/* Skip dummy wide-character spacing. */
 		if (mode == ATTR_WDUMMY)
 			continue;
 
 		/* Determine font for glyph if different from previous glyph. */
 		if (prevmode != mode) {
 			prevmode = mode;
 			font = &dc.font;
 			frcflags = FRC_NORMAL;
 			runewidth = win.cw * ((mode & ATTR_WIDE) ? 2.0f : 1.0f);
 			if ((mode & ATTR_ITALIC) && (mode & ATTR_BOLD)) {
 				font = &dc.ibfont;
 				frcflags = FRC_ITALICBOLD;
 			} else if (mode & ATTR_ITALIC) {
 				font = &dc.ifont;
 				frcflags = FRC_ITALIC;
 			} else if (mode & ATTR_BOLD) {
 				font = &dc.bfont;
 				frcflags = FRC_BOLD;
 			}
 			yp = winy + font->ascent + win.cyo;
 		}
 
 		if (mode & ATTR_BOXDRAW) {
 			/* minor shoehorning: boxdraw uses only this ushort */
 			glyphidx = boxdrawindex(&glyphs[i]);
 		} else {
 			/* Lookup character index with default font. */
 			glyphidx = XftCharIndex(xw.dpy, font->match, rune);
 		}
 		if (glyphidx) {
 			specs[numspecs].font = font->match;
 			specs[numspecs].glyph = glyphidx;
 			specs[numspecs].x = (short)xp;
 			specs[numspecs].y = (short)yp;
 			xp += runewidth;
 			numspecs++;
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		/* Fallback on font cache, search the font cache for match. */
 		for (f = 0; f < frclen; f++) {
 			glyphidx = XftCharIndex(xw.dpy, frc[f].font, rune);
 			/* Everything correct. */
 			if (glyphidx && frc[f].flags == frcflags)
 				break;
 			/* We got a default font for a not found glyph. */
 			if (!glyphidx && frc[f].flags == frcflags
 					&& frc[f].unicodep == rune) {
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 
 		/* Nothing was found. Use fontconfig to find matching font. */
 		if (f >= frclen) {
 			if (!font->set)
 				font->set = FcFontSort(0, font->pattern,
 				                       1, 0, &fcres);
 			fcsets[0] = font->set;
 
 			/*
 			 * Nothing was found in the cache. Now use
 			 * some dozen of Fontconfig calls to get the
 			 * font for one single character.
 			 *
 			 * Xft and fontconfig are design failures.
 			 */
 			fcpattern = FcPatternDuplicate(font->pattern);
 			fccharset = FcCharSetCreate();
 
 			FcCharSetAddChar(fccharset, rune);
 			FcPatternAddCharSet(fcpattern, FC_CHARSET,
 					fccharset);
 			FcPatternAddBool(fcpattern, FC_SCALABLE, 1);
 
 			FcConfigSubstitute(0, fcpattern,
 					FcMatchPattern);
 			FcDefaultSubstitute(fcpattern);
 
 			fontpattern = FcFontSetMatch(0, fcsets, 1,
 					fcpattern, &fcres);
 
 			/* Allocate memory for the new cache entry. */
 			if (frclen >= frccap) {
 				frccap += 16;
 				frc = xrealloc(frc, frccap * sizeof(Fontcache));
 			}
 
 			frc[frclen].font = XftFontOpenPattern(xw.dpy,
 					fontpattern);
 			if (!frc[frclen].font)
 				die("XftFontOpenPattern failed seeking fallback font: %s\n",
 					strerror(errno));
 			frc[frclen].flags = frcflags;
 			frc[frclen].unicodep = rune;
 
 			glyphidx = XftCharIndex(xw.dpy, frc[frclen].font, rune);
 
 			f = frclen;
 			frclen++;
 
 			FcPatternDestroy(fcpattern);
 			FcCharSetDestroy(fccharset);
 		}
 
 		specs[numspecs].font = frc[f].font;
 		specs[numspecs].glyph = glyphidx;
 		specs[numspecs].x = (short)xp;
 		specs[numspecs].y = (short)yp;
 		xp += runewidth;
 		numspecs++;
 	}
 
 	return numspecs;
 }
 
 void
 xdrawglyphfontspecs(const XftGlyphFontSpec *specs, Glyph base, int len, int x, int y)
 {
 	int charlen = len * ((base.mode & ATTR_WIDE) ? 2 : 1);
 	int winx = win.hborderpx + x * win.cw, winy = win.vborderpx + y * win.ch,
 	    width = charlen * win.cw;
 	Color *fg, *bg, *temp, revfg, revbg, truefg, truebg;
 	XRenderColor colfg, colbg;
 	XRectangle r;
 
 	/* Fallback on color display for attributes not supported by the font */
 	if (base.mode & ATTR_ITALIC && base.mode & ATTR_BOLD) {
 		if (dc.ibfont.badslant || dc.ibfont.badweight)
 			base.fg = defaultattr;
 	} else if ((base.mode & ATTR_ITALIC && dc.ifont.badslant) ||
 	    (base.mode & ATTR_BOLD && dc.bfont.badweight)) {
 		base.fg = defaultattr;
 	}
 
 	if (IS_TRUECOL(base.fg)) {
 		colfg.alpha = 0xffff;
 		colfg.red = TRUERED(base.fg);
 		colfg.green = TRUEGREEN(base.fg);
 		colfg.blue = TRUEBLUE(base.fg);
 		XftColorAllocValue(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, &colfg, &truefg);
 		fg = &truefg;
 	} else {
 		fg = &dc.col[base.fg];
 	}
 
 	if (IS_TRUECOL(base.bg)) {
 		colbg.alpha = 0xffff;
 		colbg.green = TRUEGREEN(base.bg);
 		colbg.red = TRUERED(base.bg);
 		colbg.blue = TRUEBLUE(base.bg);
 		XftColorAllocValue(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, &colbg, &truebg);
 		bg = &truebg;
 	} else {
 		bg = &dc.col[base.bg];
 	}
 
 	/* Change basic system colors [0-7] to bright system colors [8-15] */
 	if ((base.mode & ATTR_BOLD_FAINT) == ATTR_BOLD && BETWEEN(base.fg, 0, 7))
 		fg = &dc.col[base.fg + 8];
 
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_REVERSE)) {
 		if (fg == &dc.col[defaultfg]) {
 			fg = &dc.col[defaultbg];
 		} else {
 			colfg.red = ~fg->color.red;
 			colfg.green = ~fg->color.green;
 			colfg.blue = ~fg->color.blue;
 			colfg.alpha = fg->color.alpha;
 			XftColorAllocValue(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, &colfg,
 					&revfg);
 			fg = &revfg;
 		}
 
 		if (bg == &dc.col[defaultbg]) {
 			bg = &dc.col[defaultfg];
 		} else {
 			colbg.red = ~bg->color.red;
 			colbg.green = ~bg->color.green;
 			colbg.blue = ~bg->color.blue;
 			colbg.alpha = bg->color.alpha;
 			XftColorAllocValue(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, &colbg,
 					&revbg);
 			bg = &revbg;
 		}
 	}
 
 	if ((base.mode & ATTR_BOLD_FAINT) == ATTR_FAINT) {
 		colfg.red = fg->color.red / 2;
 		colfg.green = fg->color.green / 2;
 		colfg.blue = fg->color.blue / 2;
 		colfg.alpha = fg->color.alpha;
 		XftColorAllocValue(xw.dpy, xw.vis, xw.cmap, &colfg, &revfg);
 		fg = &revfg;
 	}
 
 	if (base.mode & ATTR_REVERSE) {
 		temp = fg;
 		fg = bg;
 		bg = temp;
 	}
 
 	if (base.mode & ATTR_BLINK && win.mode & MODE_BLINK)
 		fg = bg;
 
 	if (base.mode & ATTR_INVISIBLE)
 		fg = bg;
 
 	/* Intelligent cleaning up of the borders. */
 	if (x == 0) {
 		xclear(0, (y == 0)? 0 : winy, win.vborderpx,
 			winy + win.ch +
 			((winy + win.ch >= win.vborderpx + win.th)? win.h : 0));
 	}
 	if (winx + width >= win.hborderpx + win.tw) {
 		xclear(winx + width, (y == 0)? 0 : winy, win.w,
 			((winy + win.ch >= win.vborderpx + win.th)? win.h : (winy + win.ch)));
 	}
 	if (y == 0)
 		xclear(winx, 0, winx + width, win.vborderpx);
 	if (winy + win.ch >= win.vborderpx + win.th)
 		xclear(winx, winy + win.ch, winx + width, win.h);
 
 	/* Clean up the region we want to draw to. */
 	XftDrawRect(xw.draw, bg, winx, winy, width, win.ch);
 
 	/* Set the clip region because Xft is sometimes dirty. */
 	r.x = 0;
 	r.y = 0;
 	r.height = win.ch;
 	r.width = width;
 	XftDrawSetClipRectangles(xw.draw, winx, winy, &r, 1);
 
 	if (base.mode & ATTR_BOXDRAW) {
 		drawboxes(winx, winy, width / len, win.ch, fg, bg, specs, len);
 	} else {
 		/* Render the glyphs. */
 		XftDrawGlyphFontSpec(xw.draw, fg, specs, len);
 	}
 
 	/* Render underline and strikethrough. */
 	if (base.mode & ATTR_UNDERLINE) {
 		XftDrawRect(xw.draw, fg, winx, winy + dc.font.ascent + 1,
 				width, 1);
 	}
 
 	if (base.mode & ATTR_STRUCK) {
 		XftDrawRect(xw.draw, fg, winx, winy + win.cyo + 2 * dc.font.ascent / 3,
 				width, 1);
 	}
 
 	/* Reset clip to none. */
 	XftDrawSetClip(xw.draw, 0);
 }
 
 void
 xdrawglyph(Glyph g, int x, int y)
 {
 	int numspecs;
 	XftGlyphFontSpec spec;
 
 	numspecs = xmakeglyphfontspecs(&spec, &g, 1, x, y);
 	xdrawglyphfontspecs(&spec, g, numspecs, x, y);
 }
 
 void
 xdrawcursor(int cx, int cy, Glyph g, int ox, int oy, Glyph og)
 {
 	Color drawcol;
 
 	/* remove the old cursor */
 	if (selected(ox, oy))
 		og.mode ^= ATTR_REVERSE;
 	xdrawglyph(og, ox, oy);
 
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_HIDE))
 		return;
 
 	/*
 	 * Select the right color for the right mode.
 	 */
 	g.mode &= ATTR_BOLD|ATTR_ITALIC|ATTR_UNDERLINE|ATTR_STRUCK|ATTR_WIDE|ATTR_BOXDRAW;
 
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_REVERSE)) {
 		g.mode |= ATTR_REVERSE;
 		g.bg = defaultfg;
 		if (selected(cx, cy)) {
 			drawcol = dc.col[defaultcs];
 			g.fg = defaultrcs;
 		} else {
 			drawcol = dc.col[defaultrcs];
 			g.fg = defaultcs;
 		}
 	} else {
 		if (selected(cx, cy)) {
 			g.fg = defaultfg;
 			g.bg = defaultrcs;
 		} else {
 			g.fg = defaultbg;
 			g.bg = defaultcs;
 		}
 		drawcol = dc.col[g.bg];
 	}
 
 	/* draw the new one */
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_FOCUSED)) {
 		switch (win.cursor) {
 		case 7: /* st extension */
 			g.u = 0x2603; /* snowman (U+2603) */
 			/* FALLTHROUGH */
 		case 0: /* Blinking Block */
 		case 1: /* Blinking Block (Default) */
 		case 2: /* Steady Block */
 			xdrawglyph(g, cx, cy);
 			break;
 		case 3: /* Blinking Underline */
 		case 4: /* Steady Underline */
 			XftDrawRect(xw.draw, &drawcol,
 					win.hborderpx + cx * win.cw,
 					win.vborderpx + (cy + 1) * win.ch - \
 						cursorthickness,
 					win.cw, cursorthickness);
 			break;
 		case 5: /* Blinking bar */
 		case 6: /* Steady bar */
 			XftDrawRect(xw.draw, &drawcol,
 					win.hborderpx + cx * win.cw,
 					win.vborderpx + cy * win.ch,
 					cursorthickness, win.ch);
 			break;
 		}
 	} else {
 		XftDrawRect(xw.draw, &drawcol,
 				win.hborderpx + cx * win.cw,
 				win.vborderpx + cy * win.ch,
 				win.cw - 1, 1);
 		XftDrawRect(xw.draw, &drawcol,
 				win.hborderpx + cx * win.cw,
 				win.vborderpx + cy * win.ch,
 				1, win.ch - 1);
 		XftDrawRect(xw.draw, &drawcol,
 				win.hborderpx + (cx + 1) * win.cw - 1,
 				win.vborderpx + cy * win.ch,
 				1, win.ch - 1);
 		XftDrawRect(xw.draw, &drawcol,
 				win.hborderpx + cx * win.cw,
 				win.vborderpx + (cy + 1) * win.ch - 1,
 				win.cw, 1);
 	}
 }
 
 void
 xsetenv(void)
 {
 	char buf[sizeof(long) * 8 + 1];
 
 	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", xw.win);
 	setenv("WINDOWID", buf, 1);
 }
 
 void
 xseticontitle(char *p)
 {
 	XTextProperty prop;
 	DEFAULT(p, opt_title);
 
 	if (Xutf8TextListToTextProperty(xw.dpy, &p, 1, XUTF8StringStyle,
 	                                &prop) != Success)
 		return;
 	XSetWMIconName(xw.dpy, xw.win, &prop);
 	XSetTextProperty(xw.dpy, xw.win, &prop, xw.netwmiconname);
 	XFree(prop.value);
 }
 
 void
 xsettitle(char *p)
 {
 	XTextProperty prop;
 	DEFAULT(p, opt_title);
 
 	if (Xutf8TextListToTextProperty(xw.dpy, &p, 1, XUTF8StringStyle,
 	                                &prop) != Success)
 		return;
 	XSetWMName(xw.dpy, xw.win, &prop);
 	XSetTextProperty(xw.dpy, xw.win, &prop, xw.netwmname);
 	XFree(prop.value);
 }
 
 int
 xstartdraw(void)
 {
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_VISIBLE))
 		XCopyArea(xw.dpy, xw.win, xw.buf, dc.gc, 0, 0, win.w, win.h, 0, 0);
 	return IS_SET(MODE_VISIBLE);
 }
 
 void
 xdrawline(Line line, int x1, int y1, int x2)
 {
 	int i, x, ox, numspecs;
 	Glyph base, new;
 	XftGlyphFontSpec *specs = xw.specbuf;
 
 	numspecs = xmakeglyphfontspecs(specs, &line[x1], x2 - x1, x1, y1);
 	i = ox = 0;
 	for (x = x1; x < x2 && i < numspecs; x++) {
 		new = line[x];
 		if (new.mode == ATTR_WDUMMY)
 			continue;
 		if (selected(x, y1))
 			new.mode ^= ATTR_REVERSE;
 		if (i > 0 && ATTRCMP(base, new)) {
 			xdrawglyphfontspecs(specs, base, i, ox, y1);
 			specs += i;
 			numspecs -= i;
 			i = 0;
 		}
 		if (i == 0) {
 			ox = x;
 			base = new;
 		}
 		i++;
 	}
 	if (i > 0)
 		xdrawglyphfontspecs(specs, base, i, ox, y1);
 }
 
 void
 xfinishdraw(void)
 {
 	XCopyArea(xw.dpy, xw.buf, xw.win, dc.gc, 0, 0, win.w,
 			win.h, 0, 0);
 	XSetForeground(xw.dpy, dc.gc,
 			dc.col[IS_SET(MODE_REVERSE)?
 				defaultfg : defaultbg].pixel);
 }
 
 void
 xximspot(int x, int y)
 {
 	if (xw.ime.xic == NULL)
 		return;
 
 	xw.ime.spot.x = borderpx + x * win.cw;
 	xw.ime.spot.y = borderpx + (y + 1) * win.ch;
 
 	XSetICValues(xw.ime.xic, XNPreeditAttributes, xw.ime.spotlist, NULL);
 }
 
 void
 expose(XEvent *ev)
 {
 	redraw();
 }
 
 void
 visibility(XEvent *ev)
 {
 	XVisibilityEvent *e = &ev->xvisibility;
 
 	MODBIT(win.mode, e->state != VisibilityFullyObscured, MODE_VISIBLE);
 }
 
 void
 unmap(XEvent *ev)
 {
 	win.mode &= ~MODE_VISIBLE;
 }
 
 void
 xsetpointermotion(int set)
 {
 	MODBIT(xw.attrs.event_mask, set, PointerMotionMask);
 	XChangeWindowAttributes(xw.dpy, xw.win, CWEventMask, &xw.attrs);
 }
 
 void
 xsetmode(int set, unsigned int flags)
 {
 	int mode = win.mode;
 	MODBIT(win.mode, set, flags);
 	if ((win.mode & MODE_REVERSE) != (mode & MODE_REVERSE))
 		redraw();
 }
 
 int
 xsetcursor(int cursor)
 {
 	if (!BETWEEN(cursor, 0, 7)) /* 7: st extension */
 		return 1;
 	win.cursor = cursor;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 void
 xseturgency(int add)
 {
 	XWMHints *h = XGetWMHints(xw.dpy, xw.win);
 
 	MODBIT(h->flags, add, XUrgencyHint);
 	XSetWMHints(xw.dpy, xw.win, h);
 	XFree(h);
 }
 
 void
 xbell(void)
 {
 	if (!(IS_SET(MODE_FOCUSED)))
 		xseturgency(1);
 	if (bellvolume)
 		XkbBell(xw.dpy, xw.win, bellvolume, (Atom)NULL);
 }
 
 void
 focus(XEvent *ev)
 {
 	XFocusChangeEvent *e = &ev->xfocus;
 
 	if (e->mode == NotifyGrab)
 		return;
 
 	if (ev->type == FocusIn) {
 		if (xw.ime.xic)
 			XSetICFocus(xw.ime.xic);
 		win.mode |= MODE_FOCUSED;
 		xseturgency(0);
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_FOCUS))
 			ttywrite("\033[I", 3, 0);
 	} else {
 		if (xw.ime.xic)
 			XUnsetICFocus(xw.ime.xic);
 		win.mode &= ~MODE_FOCUSED;
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_FOCUS))
 			ttywrite("\033[O", 3, 0);
 	}
 }
 
 int
 match(uint mask, uint state)
 {
 	return mask == XK_ANY_MOD || mask == (state & ~ignoremod);
 }
 
 char*
 kmap(KeySym k, uint state)
 {
 	Key *kp;
 	int i;
 
 	/* Check for mapped keys out of X11 function keys. */
 	for (i = 0; i < LEN(mappedkeys); i++) {
 		if (mappedkeys[i] == k)
 			break;
 	}
 	if (i == LEN(mappedkeys)) {
 		if ((k & 0xFFFF) < 0xFD00)
 			return NULL;
 	}
 
 	for (kp = key; kp < key + LEN(key); kp++) {
 		if (kp->k != k)
 			continue;
 
 		if (!match(kp->mask, state))
 			continue;
 
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_APPKEYPAD) ? kp->appkey < 0 : kp->appkey > 0)
 			continue;
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_NUMLOCK) && kp->appkey == 2)
 			continue;
 
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_APPCURSOR) ? kp->appcursor < 0 : kp->appcursor > 0)
 			continue;
 
 		return kp->s;
 	}
 
 	return NULL;
 }
 
 void
 kpress(XEvent *ev)
 {
 	XKeyEvent *e = &ev->xkey;
 	KeySym ksym;
 	char buf[64], *customkey;
 	int len;
 	Rune c;
 	Status status;
 	Shortcut *bp;
 
 	if (IS_SET(MODE_KBDLOCK))
 		return;
 
 	if (xw.ime.xic)
 		len = XmbLookupString(xw.ime.xic, e, buf, sizeof buf, &ksym, &status);
 	else
 		len = XLookupString(e, buf, sizeof buf, &ksym, NULL);
 	/* 1. shortcuts */
 	for (bp = shortcuts; bp < shortcuts + LEN(shortcuts); bp++) {
 		if (ksym == bp->keysym && match(bp->mod, e->state)) {
 			bp->func(&(bp->arg));
 			return;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/* 2. custom keys from config.h */
 	if ((customkey = kmap(ksym, e->state))) {
 		ttywrite(customkey, strlen(customkey), 1);
 		return;
 	}
 
 	/* 3. composed string from input method */
 	if (len == 0)
 		return;
 	if (len == 1 && e->state & Mod1Mask) {
 		if (IS_SET(MODE_8BIT)) {
 			if (*buf < 0177) {
 				c = *buf | 0x80;
 				len = utf8encode(c, buf);
 			}
 		} else {
 			buf[1] = buf[0];
 			buf[0] = '\033';
 			len = 2;
 		}
 	}
 	ttywrite(buf, len, 1);
 }
 
 void
 cmessage(XEvent *e)
 {
 	/*
 	 * See xembed specs
 	 *  http://standards.freedesktop.org/xembed-spec/xembed-spec-latest.html
 	 */
 	if (e->xclient.message_type == xw.xembed && e->xclient.format == 32) {
 		if (e->xclient.data.l[1] == XEMBED_FOCUS_IN) {
 			win.mode |= MODE_FOCUSED;
 			xseturgency(0);
 		} else if (e->xclient.data.l[1] == XEMBED_FOCUS_OUT) {
 			win.mode &= ~MODE_FOCUSED;
 		}
 	} else if (e->xclient.data.l[0] == xw.wmdeletewin) {
 		ttyhangup();
 		exit(0);
 	}
 }
 
 void
 resize(XEvent *e)
 {
 	if (e->xconfigure.width == win.w && e->xconfigure.height == win.h)
 		return;
 
 	cresize(e->xconfigure.width, e->xconfigure.height);
 }
 
 int tinsync(uint);
 int ttyread_pending();
 
 void
 run(void)
 {
 	XEvent ev;
 	int w = win.w, h = win.h;
 	fd_set rfd;
 	int xfd = XConnectionNumber(xw.dpy), ttyfd, xev, drawing;
 	struct timespec seltv, *tv, now, lastblink, trigger;
 	double timeout;
 
 	/* Waiting for window mapping */
 	do {
 		XNextEvent(xw.dpy, &ev);
 		/*
 		 * This XFilterEvent call is required because of XOpenIM. It
 		 * does filter out the key event and some client message for
 		 * the input method too.
 		 */
 		if (XFilterEvent(&ev, None))
 			continue;
 		if (ev.type == ConfigureNotify) {
 			w = ev.xconfigure.width;
 			h = ev.xconfigure.height;
 		}
 	} while (ev.type != MapNotify);
 
 	cresize(w, h);
 	ttyfd = ttynew(opt_line, shell, opt_io, opt_cmd);
 	cresize(w, h);
 
 	for (timeout = -1, drawing = 0, lastblink = (struct timespec){0};;) {
 		FD_ZERO(&rfd);
 		FD_SET(ttyfd, &rfd);
 		FD_SET(xfd, &rfd);
 
 		if (XPending(xw.dpy) || ttyread_pending())
 			timeout = 0;  /* existing events might not set xfd */
 
 		seltv.tv_sec = timeout / 1E3;
 		seltv.tv_nsec = 1E6 * (timeout - 1E3 * seltv.tv_sec);
 		tv = timeout >= 0 ? &seltv : NULL;
 
 		if (pselect(MAX(xfd, ttyfd)+1, &rfd, NULL, NULL, tv, NULL) < 0) {
 			if (errno == EINTR)
 				continue;
 			die("select failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
 		}
 		clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
 
 		int ttyin = FD_ISSET(ttyfd, &rfd) || ttyread_pending();
 		if (ttyin)
 			ttyread();
 
 		xev = 0;
 		while (XPending(xw.dpy)) {
 			xev = 1;
 			XNextEvent(xw.dpy, &ev);
 			if (XFilterEvent(&ev, None))
 				continue;
 			if (handler[ev.type])
 				(handler[ev.type])(&ev);
 		}
 
 		/*
 		 * To reduce flicker and tearing, when new content or event
 		 * triggers drawing, we first wait a bit to ensure we got
 		 * everything, and if nothing new arrives - we draw.
 		 * We start with trying to wait minlatency ms. If more content
 		 * arrives sooner, we retry with shorter and shorter periods,
 		 * and eventually draw even without idle after maxlatency ms.
 		 * Typically this results in low latency while interacting,
 		 * maximum latency intervals during `cat huge.txt`, and perfect
 		 * sync with periodic updates from animations/key-repeats/etc.
 		 */
 		if (ttyin || xev) {
 			if (!drawing) {
 				trigger = now;
 				drawing = 1;
 			}
 			timeout = (maxlatency - TIMEDIFF(now, trigger)) \
 			          / maxlatency * minlatency;
 			if (timeout > 0)
 				continue;  /* we have time, try to find idle */
 		}
 
 		if (tinsync(su_timeout)) {
 			/*
 			 * on synchronized-update draw-suspension: don't reset
 			 * drawing so that we draw ASAP once we can (just after
 			 * ESU). it won't be too soon because we already can
 			 * draw now but we skip. we set timeout > 0 to draw on
 			 * SU-timeout even without new content.
 			 */
 			timeout = minlatency;
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		/* idle detected or maxlatency exhausted -> draw */
 		timeout = -1;
 		if (blinktimeout && tattrset(ATTR_BLINK)) {
 			timeout = blinktimeout - TIMEDIFF(now, lastblink);
 			if (timeout <= 0) {
 				if (-timeout > blinktimeout) /* start visible */
 					win.mode |= MODE_BLINK;
 				win.mode ^= MODE_BLINK;
 				tsetdirtattr(ATTR_BLINK);
 				lastblink = now;
 				timeout = blinktimeout;
 			}
 		}
 
 		draw();
 		XFlush(xw.dpy);
 		drawing = 0;
 	}
 }
 
 void
 usage(void)
 {
 	die("usage: %s [-aiv] [-c class] [-f font] [-g geometry]"
 	    " [-n name] [-o file]\n"
 	    "          [-T title] [-t title] [-w windowid]"
 	    " [[-e] command [args ...]]\n"
 	    "       %s [-aiv] [-c class] [-f font] [-g geometry]"
 	    " [-n name] [-o file]\n"
 	    "          [-T title] [-t title] [-w windowid] -l line"
 	    " [stty_args ...]\n", argv0, argv0);
 }
 
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	xw.l = xw.t = 0;
 	xw.isfixed = False;
 	xsetcursor(cursorshape);
 
 	ARGBEGIN {
 	case 'a':
 		allowaltscreen = 0;
 		break;
 	case 'c':
 		opt_class = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 'e':
 		if (argc > 0)
 			--argc, ++argv;
 		goto run;
 	case 'f':
 		opt_font = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 'g':
 		xw.gm = XParseGeometry(EARGF(usage()),
 				&xw.l, &xw.t, &cols, &rows);
 		break;
 	case 'i':
 		xw.isfixed = 1;
 		break;
 	case 'o':
 		opt_io = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 'l':
 		opt_line = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 'n':
 		opt_name = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 't':
 	case 'T':
 		opt_title = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 'w':
 		opt_embed = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 'v':
 		die("%s " VERSION "\n", argv0);
 		break;
 	default:
 		usage();
 	} ARGEND;
 
 run:
 	if (argc > 0) /* eat all remaining arguments */
 		opt_cmd = argv;
 
 	if (!opt_title)
 		opt_title = (opt_line || !opt_cmd) ? "st" : opt_cmd[0];
 
 	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
 	XSetLocaleModifiers("");
 	cols = MAX(cols, 1);
 	rows = MAX(rows, 1);
 	tnew(cols, rows);
 	xinit(cols, rows);
 	xsetenv();
 	selinit();
 	run();
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
 void
 opencopied(const Arg *arg)
 {
 	size_t const max_cmd = 2048;
 	char * const clip = xsel.clipboard;
 	if(!clip) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Warning: nothing copied to clipboard\n");
 		return;
 	}
 
 	/* account for space/quote (3) and \0 (1) and & (1) */
 	/* e.g.: xdg-open "https://st.suckless.org"& */
 	size_t const cmd_size = max_cmd + strlen(clip) + 5;
 	char cmd[cmd_size];
 
 	snprintf(cmd, cmd_size, "%s \"%s\" &", (char *)arg->v, clip);
 	system(cmd);
 }